Taylorism and Scientific Management - 1910 Words

For centuries, scholars, philosophers, and lay-persons alike have been concerned about the issue of management. This includes management of processes, people, things, events, and societies all with the focus of the basic motivations that drive individuals to become most productive. Of course, outside of Maslows Hierarchy, we know that compensation has historical been a great motivator, but in the modern age, there are more complex motivators that focus more on individual actualization. As long ago as Ancient Greece, philosopher Aristotle, in his Metaphysics, developed the thesis that reality is knowable through the senses and through reason. By rejecting mysticism, Aristotle became the father of the scientific method and established the intellectual foundation for the Renaissance and the Age of Reason. Eventually this spirit of scientific inquiry would form a basis for scientific management (Wren, 2005, p. 19) Particularly after feudalism evolved into modern capitalism, a number of social theories came about trying to explain the individuals place in society, how work actualized humanity, and in what manner integration and alienation contributed to societal growth. These paradigms combine reflexively into a notion of history through labor and economic theory. The nature of the Industrial Revolution changed the manner in which labor interacted with management and raw materials. A number of people began to think about labor, about efficiency, and about the manner in whichShow MoreRelatedA Scientific Management, Taylorism, And Management1405 Words   |  6 Pages F.W Taylor introduced a scientific management, Taylorism, in the early 20th century to solve the problem of inefficiency. The aim of Taylorism is to maixmise productivity and minimise waste of resources using specialisation of labour. There are three main components of Taylorism and it will be discussed in detail in the later parag raphs. Firstly, according to Rose, M. (1978), Taylor believes that the root of inefficiency is the slacking and soldiering of workers. And irrational and incompetentRead MoreTaylorism Is A Scientific Management System1480 Words   |  6 PagesTaylorism is a scientific management system that was developed by Fredrick Taylor in the 1880s. Taylorism works in a method based on F. Taylor’s scientific study of accomplishing different tasks instead of empirical methods or methods inspired by past experience and knowledge. Taylorism also tends to scientifically train and help develop employees’ skills instead of letting them train themselves during their time in the workplace. 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In the monograph Taylor’s notion was to mend the economical proficiencyRead MoreHuman Relations Theories : Scientific Management And Taylorism And Human Relation Theories2542 Words   |  11 Pages Introduction The never-ending discussion about the superiority of one out of two different managerial approaches – Scientific Management and Taylorism and Human Relation Theories - took its place since the beginning of 20th century. One of the most well-known Human Relations Theories is on employee empowerment. However, pinning down an actual definition on term of empowerment due to its wide scope is highly problematic (Woodside, Martin; 2007). Some authors view it as giving authority and decision-makingRead MoreDespite Many Criticisms, and a Wealth of Newer Theories on the Topic of Managing People, Taylorism (I.E. 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Scientific management then came along from Taylor’s studies of time management and productivity in an organization. It had made its first appearance in the USA which

The Golden Compass Chapter Eleven Free Essays

Chapter Eleven Armor When they returned to the ship, Farder Coram and John Faa and the other leaders spent a long time in conference in the saloon, and Lyra went to her cabin to consult the alethiome-ter. Within five minutes she knew exactly where the bear’s armor was, and why it would be difficult to get it back. She wondered whether to go to the saloon and tell John Faa and the others, but decided that they’d ask her if they wanted to know. We will write a custom essay sample on The Golden Compass Chapter Eleven or any similar topic only for you Order Now Perhaps they knew already. She lay on her bunk thinking of that savage mighty bear, and the careless way he drank his fiery spirit, and the loneliness of him in his dirty lean-to. How different it was to be human, with one’s daemon always there to talk to! In the silence of the still ship, without the continual creak of metal and timber or the rumble of the engine or the rush of water along the side, Lyra gradually fell asleep, with Pantalaimon on her pillow sleeping too. She was dreaming of her great imprisoned father when suddenly, for no reason at all, she woke up. She had no idea what time it was. There was a faint light in the cabin that she took for moonlight, and it showed her new cold-weather furs that lay stiffly in the corner of the cabin. No sooner did she see them than she longed to try them on again. Once they were on, she had to go out on deck, and a minute later she opened the door at the top of the compan-ionway and stepped out. At once she saw that something strange was happening in the sky. She thought it was clouds, moving and trembling under a nervous agitation, but Pantalaimon whispered: â€Å"The Aurora!† Her wonder was so strong that she had to clutch the rail to keep from falling. The sight filled the northern sky; the immensity of it was scarcely conceivable. As if from Heaven itself, great curtains of delicate light hung and trembled. Pale green and rose-pink, and as transparent as the most fragile fabric, and at the bottom edge a profound and fiery crimson like the fires of Hell, they swung and shimmered loosely with more grace than the most skillful dancer. Lyra thought she could even hear them: a vast distant whispering swish. In the evanescent delicacy she felt something as profound as she’d felt close to the bear. She was moved by it; it was so beautiful it was almost holy; she felt tears prick her eyes, and the tears splintered the light even further into prismatic rainbows. It wasn’t long before she found herself entering the same kind of trance as when she consulted the alethiometer. Perhaps, she thought calmly, whatever moves the alethiometer’s needle is making the Aurora glow too. It might even be Dust itself. She thought that without noticing that she’d thought it, and she soon forgot it, and only remembered it much later. And as she gazed, the image of a city seemed to form itself behind the veils and streams of translucent color: towers and domes, honey-colored temples and colonnades, broad boulevards and sunlit parkland. Looking at it gave her a sense of vertigo, as if she were looking not up but down, and across a gulf so wide that nothing could ever pass over it. It was a whole universe away. But something was moving across it, and as she tried to focus her eyes on the movement, she felt faint and dizzy, because the little thing moving wasn’t part of the Aurora or of the other universe behind it. It was in the sky over the roofs of the town. When she could see it clearly, she had come fully awake and the sky city was gone. The flying thing came closer and circled the ship on outspread wings. Then it glided down and landed with brisk sweeps of its powerful pinions, and came to a halt on the wooden deck a few yards from Lyra. In the Aurora’s light she saw a great bird, a beautiful gray goose whose head was crowned with a flash of pure white. And yet it wasn’t a bird: it was a daemon, though there was no one in sight but Lyra herself. The idea filled her with sickly fear. The bird said: â€Å"Where is Farder Coram?† And suddenly Lyra realized who it must be. This was the daemon of Serafina Pekkala, the clan queen, Farder Coram’s witch friend. She stammered to reply: â€Å"I – he’s – I’ll go and get him†¦.† She turned and scampered down the companionway to the cabin Farder Coram occupied, and opened the door to speak into the darkness: â€Å"Farder Coram! The witch’s daemon’s come! He’s waiting on the deck! He flew here all by hisself – I seen him coming in the sky – â€Å" The old man said, â€Å"Ask him to wait on the afterdeck, child.† The goose made his stately way to the stern of the ship, where he looked around, elegant and wild simultaneously, and a cause of fascinated terror to Lyra, who felt as though she were entertaining a ghost. Then Farder Coram came up, wrapped in his cold-weather gear, closely followed by John Faa. Both old men bowed respectfully, and their daemons also acknowledged the visitor. â€Å"Greetings,† said Farder Coram. â€Å"And I’m happy and proud to see you again, Kaisa. Now, would you like to come inside, or would you prefer to stay out here in the open?† â€Å"I would rather stay outside, thank you, Farder Coram. Are you warm enough for a while?† Witches and their daemons felt no cold, but they were aware that other humans did. Farder Coram assured him that they were well wrapped up, and said, â€Å"How is Serafina Pekkala?† â€Å"She sends her greetings to you, Farder Coram, and she is well and strong. Who are these two people?† Farder Coram introduced them both. The goose daemon looked hard at Lyra. â€Å"I have heard of this child,† he said. â€Å"She is talked about among witches. So you have come to make war?† â€Å"Not war, Kaisa. We are going to free the children taken from us. And I hope the witches will help.† â€Å"Not all of them will. Some clans are working with the Dust hunters.† â€Å"Is that what you call the Oblation Board?† â€Å"I don’t know what this board may be. They are Dust hunters. They came to our regions ten years ago with philosophical instruments. They paid us to allow them to set up stations in our lands, and they treated us with courtesy.† â€Å"What is this Dust?† â€Å"It comes from the sky. Some say it has always been there, some say it is newly falling. What is certain is that when people become aware of it, a great fear comes over them, and they’ll stop at nothing to discover what it is. But it is not of any concern to witches.† â€Å"And where are they now, these Dust hunters?† â€Å"Four days northeast of here, at a place called Bolvangar. Our clan made no agreement with them, and because of our longstanding obligation to you, Farder Coram, I have come to show you how to find these Dust hunters.† Farder Coram smiled, and John Faa clapped his great hands together in satisfaction. â€Å"Thank you kindly, sir,† he said to the goose. â€Å"But tell us this: do you know anything more about these Dust hunters? What do they do at this Bolvangar?† â€Å"They have put up buildings of metal and concrete, and some underground chambers. They burn coal spirit, which they bring in at great expense. We don’t know what they do, but there is an air of hatred and fear over the place and for miles around. Witches can see these things where other humans can’t. Animals keep away too. No birds fly there; lemmings and foxes have fled. Hence the name Bolvangar: the fields of evil. They don’t call it that. They call it ‘the station.’ But to everyone else it is Bolvangar.† â€Å"And how are they defended?† â€Å"They have a company of Northern Tartars armed with rifles. They are good soldiers, but they lack practice, because no one has ever attacked the settlement since it was built. Then there is a wire fence around the compound, which is filled with anbaric force. There may be other means of defense that we don’t know about, because as I say they have no interest for us.† Lyra was bursting to ask a question, and the goose dasmon knew it and looked at her as if giving permission. â€Å"Why do the witches talk about me?† she said. â€Å"Because of your father, and his knowledge of the other worlds,† the daemon replied. That surprised all three of them. Lyra looked at Farder Coram, who looked back in mild wonder, and at John Faa, whose expression was troubled. â€Å"Other worlds?† John Faa said. â€Å"Pardon me, sir, but what worlds would those be? Do you mean the stars?† â€Å"Indeed no.† â€Å"Perhaps the world of spirits?† said Farder Coram. â€Å"Nor that.† â€Å"Is it the city in the lights?† said Lyra. â€Å"It is, en’t it?† The goose turned his stately head toward her. His eyes were black, surrounded by a thin line of pure sky-blue, and their gaze was intense. â€Å"Yes,† he said. â€Å"Witches have known of the other worlds for thousands of years. You can see them sometimes in the Northern Lights. They aren’t part of this universe at all; even the furthest stars are part of this universe, but the lights show us a different universe entirely. Not further away, but interpenetrating with this one. Here, on this deck, millions of other universes exist, unaware of one another†¦.† He raised his wings and spread them wide before folding them again. â€Å"There,† he said, â€Å"I have just brushed ten million other worlds, and they knew nothing of it. We are as close as a heartbeat, but we can never touch or see or hear these other worlds except in the Northern Lights.† â€Å"And why there?† said Farder Coram. â€Å"Because the charged particles in the Aurora have the property of making the matter of this world thin, so that we can see through it for a brief time. Witches have always known this, but we seldom speak of it.† â€Å"My father believes in it,† Lyra said. â€Å"I know because I heard him talking and showing pictures of the Aurora.† â€Å"Is this anything to do with Dust?† said John Faa. â€Å"Who can say?† said the goose daemon. â€Å"All I can tell you is that the Dust hunters are as frightened of it as if it were deadly poison. That is why they imprisoned Lord Asriel.† â€Å"But why?† Lyra said. â€Å"They think he intends to use Dust in some way in order to make a bridge between this world and the world beyond the Aurora.† There was a lightness in Lyra’s head. She heard Farder Coram say, â€Å"And does he?† â€Å"Yes,† said the goose daemon. â€Å"They don’t believe he can, because they think he is mad to believe in the other worlds in the first place. But it is true: that is his intention. And he is so powerful a figure that they feared he would upset their own plans, so they made a pact with the armored bears to capture him and keep him imprisoned in the fortress of Svalbard, out of the way. Some say they helped the new bear king to gain his throne, as part of the bargain.† Lyra said, â€Å"Do the witches want him to make this bridge? Are they on his side or against him?† â€Å"That is a question with too complicated an answer. Firstly, the witches are not united. There are differences of opinion among us. Secondly, Lord Asriel’s bridge will have a bearing on a war being waged at the present between some witches and various other forces, some in the spirit world. Possession of the bridge, if it ever existed, would give a huge advantage to whoever held it. Thirdly, Serafina Pekkala’s clan – my clan – is not yet part of any alliance, though great pressure is being put on us to declare for one side or another. You see, these are questions of high politics, and not easily answered.† â€Å"What about the bears?† said Lyra. â€Å"Whose side are they on?† â€Å"On the side of anyone who pays them. They have no interest whatever in these questions; they have no daemons; they are unconcerned about human problems. At least, that is how bears used to be, but we have heard that their new king is intent on changing their old ways†¦.At any rate, the Dust hunters have paid them to imprison Lord Asriel, and they will hold him on Svalbard until the last drop of blood drains from the body of the last bear alive.† â€Å"But not all bears!† Lyra said. â€Å"There’s one who en’t on Svalbard at all. He’s an outcast bear, and he’s going to come with us.† The goose gave Lyra another of his piercing looks. This time she could feel his cold surprise. Farder Coram shifted uncomfortably, and said, â€Å"The fact is, Lyra, I don’t think he is. We heard he’s serving out a term as an indentured laborer; he en’t free, as we thought he might be, he’s under sentence. Till he’s discharged he won’t be free to come, armor or no armor; and he won’t never have that back, either.† â€Å"But he said they tricked him! They made him drunk and stole it away!† â€Å"We heard a different story,† said John Faa. â€Å"He’s a dangerous rogue, is what we heard.† â€Å"If – † Lyra was passionate; she could hardly speak for indignation. † – if the alethiometer says something, I know it’s true. And I asked it, and it said that he was telling the truth, they did trick him, and they’re telling lies and not him. I believe him, Lord Faa! Farder Coram – you saw him too, and you believe him, don’t you?† â€Å"I thought I did, child. I en’t so certain of things as you are.† â€Å"But what are they afraid of? Do they think he’s going to go round killing people as soon’s he gets his armor on? He could kill dozens of ’em now!† â€Å"He has done,† said John Faa. â€Å"Well, if not dozens, then some. When they first took his armor away, he went a rampaging round looking for it. He tore open the police house and the bank and I don’t know where else, and there’s at least two men who died. The only reason they didn’t shoot to kill him is because of his wondrous skill with metals; they wanted to use him like a laborer.† â€Å"Like a slave!† Lyra said hotly. â€Å"They hadn’t got the right!† â€Å"Be that as it may, they might have shot him for the killings he done, but they didn’t. And they bound him over to labor in the town’s interest until he’s paid off the damage and the blood money.† â€Å"John,† said Farder Coram, â€Å"I don’t know how you feel, but it’s my belief they’ll never let him have that armor back. The longer they keep him, the more angry he’ll be when he gets it.† â€Å"But if we get his armor back, he’ll come with us and never bother ’em again,† said Lyra. â€Å"I promise, Lord Faa.† â€Å"And how are we going to do that?† â€Å"I know where it is!† There was a silence, in which they all three became aware of the witch’s daemon and his fixed stare at Lyra. All three turned to him, and their own daemons too, who had until then affected the extreme politeness of keeping their eyes modestly away from this singular creature, here without his body. â€Å"You won’t be surprised,† said the goose, â€Å"to know that the alethiometer is one other reason the witches are interested in you, Lyra. Our consul told us about your visit this morning. I believe it was Dr. Lanselius who told you about the bear.† â€Å"Yes, it was,† said John Faa. â€Å"And she and Farder Coram went theirselves and talked to him. I daresay what Lyra says is true, but if we go breaking the law of these people we’ll only get involved in a quarrel with them, and what we ought to be doing is pushing on towards this Bolvangar, bear or no bear.† â€Å"Ah, but you en’t seen him, John,† said Farder Coram. â€Å"And I do believe Lyra. We could promise on his behalf, maybe. He might make all the difference.† â€Å"What do you think, sir?† said John Faa to the witch’s daemon. â€Å"We have few dealings with bears. Their desires are as strange to us as ours are to them. If this bear is an outcast, he might be less reliable than they are said to be. You must decide for yourselves.† â€Å"We will,† said John Faa firmly. â€Å"But now, sir, can you tell us how to get to Bolvangar from here?† The goose daemon began to explain. He spoke of valleys and hills, of the tree line and the tundra, of star sightings. Lyra listened awhile, and then lay back in the deck chair with Pantalaimon curled around her neck, and thought of the grand vision the goose daemon had brought with him. A bridge between two worlds†¦This was far more splendid than anything she could have hoped for! And only her great father could have conceived it. As soon as they had rescued the children, she would go to Svalbard with the bear and take Lord Asriel the alethiometer, and use it to help set him free; and they’d build the bridge together, and be the first across†¦. Sometime in the night John Faa must have carried Lyra to her bunk, because that was where she awoke. The dim sun was as high in the sky as it was going to get, only a hand’s breadth above the horizon, so it must be nearly noon, she thought. Soon, when they moved further north, there would be no sun at all. She dressed quickly and ran on deck to find nothing very much happening. All the stores had been unloaded, sledges and dog teams had been hired and were waiting to go; everything was ready and nothing was moving. Most of the gyp-tians were sitting in a smoke-filled cafe facing the water, eating spice cakes and drinking strong sweet coffee at the long wooden tables under the fizz and crackle of some ancient anbaric lights. â€Å"Where’s Lord Faa?† she said, sitting down with Tony Costa and his friends. â€Å"And Farder Coram? Are they getting the bear’s armor for him?† â€Å"They’re a talking to the sysselman. That’s their word for governor. You seen this bear, then, Lyra?† â€Å"Yeah!† she said, and explained all about him. As she talked, someone else pulled a chair up and joined the group at the table. â€Å"So you’ve spoken to old lorek?† he said. She looked at the newcomer with surprise. He was a tall, lean man with a thin black moustache and narrow blue eyes, and a perpetual expression of distant and sardonic amusement. She felt strongly about him at once, but she wasn’t sure whether it was liking she felt, or dislike. His daemon was a shabby hare as thin and tough-looking as he was. He held out his hand and she shook it warily. â€Å"Lee Scoresby,† he said. â€Å"The aeronaut!† she exclaimed. â€Å"Where’s your balloon? Can I go up in it?† â€Å"It’s packed away right now, miss. You must be the famous Lyra. How did you get on with lorek Byrnison?† â€Å"You know him?† â€Å"I fought beside him in the Tunguska campaign. Hell, I’ve known lorek for years. Bears are difficult critters no matter what, but he’s a problem, and no mistake. Say, are any of you gentlemen in the mood for a game of hazard?† A pack of cards had appeared from nowhere in his hand. He riffled them with a snapping noise. â€Å"Now I’ve heard of the card power of your people,† Lee Scoresby was saying, cutting and folding the cards over and over with one hand and fishing a cigar out of his breast pocket with the other, â€Å"and I thought you wouldn’t object to giving a simple Texan traveler the chance to joust with your skill and daring on the field of pasteboard combat. What do you say, gentlemen?† Gyptians prided themselves on their ability with cards, and several of the men looked interested and pulled their chairs up. While they were agreeing with Lee Scoresby what to play and for what stakes, his daemon flicked her ears at Pantalaimon, who understood and leaped to her side lightly as a squirrel. She was speaking for Lyra’s ears too, of course, and Lyra heard her say quietly, â€Å"Go straight to the bear and tell him direct. As soon as they know what’s going on, they’ll move his armor somewhere else.† Lyra got up, taking her spice cake with her, and no one noticed; Lee Scoresby was already dealing the cards, and every suspicious eye was on his hands. In the dull light, fading through an endless afternoon, she found her way to the sledge depot. It was something she knew she had to do, but she felt uneasy about it, and afraid, too. Outside the largest of the concrete sheds the great bear was working, and Lyra stood by the open gate to watch. lorek Byrnison was dismantling a gas-engined tractor that had crashed; the metal covering of the engine was twisted and buckled and one runner bent upward. The bear lifted the metal off as if it were cardboard, and turned it this way and that in his great hands, seeming to test it for some quality or other, before setting a rear paw on one corner and then bending the whole sheet in such a way that the dents sprang out and the shape was restored. Leaning it against the wall, he lifted the massive weight of the tractor with one paw and laid it on its side before bending to examine the crumpled runner. As he did so, he caught sight of Lyra. She felt a bolt of cold fear strike at her, because he was so massive and so alien. She was gazing through the chain-link fence about forty yards from him, and she thought how he could clear the distance in a bound or two and sweep the wire aside like a cobweb, and she almost turned and ran away; but Pantalaimon said, â€Å"Stop! Let me go and talk to him.† He was a tern, and before she could answer he’d flown off the fence and down to the icy ground beyond it. There was an open gate a little way along, and Lyra could have followed him, but she hung back uneasily. Pantalaimon looked at her, and then became a badger. She knew what he was doing. Daemons could move no more than a few yards from their humans, and if she stood by the fence and he remained a bird, he wouldn’t get near the bear; so he was going to pull. She felt angry and miserable. His badger claws dug into the earth and he walked forward. It was such a strange tormenting feeling when your daemon was pulling at the link between you; part physical pain deep in the chest, part intense sadness and love. And she knew it was the same for him. Everyone tested it when they were growing up: seeing how far they could pull apart, coming back with intense relief. He tugged a little harder. â€Å"Don’t, Pan!† But he didn’t stop. The bear watched, motionless. The pain in Lyra’s heart grew more and more unbearable, and a sob of longing rose in her throat. â€Å"Pan – â€Å" Then she was through the gate, scrambling over the icy mud toward him, and he turned into a wildcat and sprang up into her arms, and they were clinging together tightly with little shaky sounds of unhappiness coming from them both. â€Å"I thought you really would – â€Å" â€Å"No – â€Å" â€Å"I couldn’t believe how much it hurt – â€Å" And then she brushed the tears away angrily and sniffed hard. He nestled in her arms, and she knew she would rather die than let them be parted and face that sadness again; it would send her mad with grief and terror. If she died, they’d still be together, like the Scholars in the crypt at Jordan. Then girl and daemon looked up at the solitary bear. He had no daemon. He was alone, always alone. She felt such a stir of pity and gentleness for him that she almost reached out to touch his matted pelt, and only a sense of courtesy toward those cold ferocious eyes prevented her. â€Å"lorek Byrnison,† she said. â€Å"Well?† â€Å"Lord Faa and Farder Coram have gone to try and get your armor for you.† He didn’t move or speak. It was clear what he thought of their chances. â€Å"I know where it is, though,† she said, â€Å"and if I told you, maybe you could get it by yourself, I don’t know.† â€Å"How do you know where it is?† â€Å"I got a symbol reader. I think I ought to tell you, lorek Byrnison, seeing as they tricked you out of it in the first place. I don’t think that’s right. They shouldn’t’ve done that. Lord Faa’s going to argue with the sysselman, but probably they won’t let you have it whatever he says. So if I tell you, will you come with us and help rescue the kids from Bolvangar?† â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"I†¦Ã¢â‚¬  She didn’t mean to be nosy, but she couldn’t help being curious. She said, â€Å"Why don’t you just make some more armor out of this metal here, lorek Byrnison?† â€Å"Because it’s worthless. Look,† he said, and, lifting the engine cover with one paw, he extended a claw on the other hand and ripped right through it like a can opener. â€Å"My armor is made of sky iron, made for me. A bear’s armor is his soul, just as your daemon is your soul. You might as well take him away† – indicating Pantalaimon – â€Å"and replace him with a doll full of sawdust. That is the difference. Now, where is my armor?† â€Å"Listen, you got to promise not to take vengeance. They done wrong taking it, but you just got to put up with that.† â€Å"All right. No vengeance afterwards. But no holding back as I take it, either. If they fight, they die.† â€Å"It’s hidden in the cellar of the priest’s house,† she told him. â€Å"He thinks there’s a spirit in it, and he’s been a trying to conjure it out. But that’s where it is.† He stood high up on his hind legs and looked west, so that the last of the sun colored his face a creamy brilliant yellow white amid the gloom. She could feel the power of the great creature coming off him like waves of heat. â€Å"I must work till sunset,† he said. â€Å"I gave my word this morning to the master here. I still owe a few minutes’ work.† â€Å"The sun’s set where I am,† she pointed out, because from her point of view it had vanished behind the rocky headland to the southwest. He dropped to all fours. â€Å"It’s true,† he said, with his face now in shadow like hers. â€Å"What’s your name, child?† â€Å"Lyra Belacqua.† â€Å"Then I owe you a debt, Lyra Belacqua,† he said. He turned and lurched away, padding so swiftly across the freezing ground that Lyra couldn’t keep up, even running. She did run, though, and Pantalaimon flew up as a seagull to watch where the bear went and called down to tell her where to follow. Iorek Byrnison bounded out of the depot and along the narrow street before turning into the main street of the town, past the courtyard of the sysselman’s residence where a flag hung in the still air and a sentry marched stiffly up and down, down the hill past the end of the street where the witch consul lived. The sentry by this time had realized what was happening, and was trying to gather his wits, but lorek Byrnison was already turning a corner near the harbor. People stopped to watch or scuttled out of his careering way. The sentry fired two shots in the air, and set off down the hill after the bear, spoiling the effect by skidding on the icy slope and only regaining his balance after seizing the nearest railings. Lyra was not far behind. As she passed the syssel-man’s house, she was aware of a number of figures coming out into the courtyard to see what was going on, and thought she saw Farder Coram among them; but then she was past, hurtling down the street toward the corner where the sentry was already turning to follow the bear. The priest’s house was older than most, and made of costly bricks. Three steps led up to the front door, which was now hanging in matchwood splinters, and from inside the house came screams and the crashing and tearing of more wood. The sentry hesitated outside, his rifle at the ready; but then as passers-by began to gather and people looked out of windows from across the street, he realized that he had to act, and fired a shot into the air before running in. A moment later, the whole house seemed to shake. Glass broke in three windows and a tile slid off the roof, and then a maidservant ran out, terrified, her clucking hen of a daemon flapping after her. Another shot came from inside the house, and then a full-throated roar made the servant scream. As if fired from a cannon, the priest himself came hurtling out, with his pelican daemon in a wild flutter of feathers and injured pride. Lyra heard orders shouted, and turned to see a squad of armed policemen hurrying around the corner, some with pistols and some with rifles, and not far behind them came John Faa and the stout, fussy figure of the sysselman. A rending, splintering sound made them all look back at the house. A window at ground level, obviously opening on a cellar, was being wrenched apart with a crash of glass and a screech of tearing wood. The sentry who’d followed lorek Byrnison into the house came running out and stood to face the cellar window, rifle at his shoulder; and then the window tore open completely, and out climbed lorek Byrnison, the bear in armor. Without it, he was formidable. With it, he was terrifying. It was rust-red, and crudely riveted together: great sheets and plates of dented discolored metal that scraped and screeched as they rode over one another. The helmet was pointed like his muzzle, with slits for eyes, and it left the lower part of his jaw bare for tearing and biting. The sentry fired several shots, and the policemen leveled their weapons too, but lorek Byrnison merely shook the bullets off like raindrops, and lunged forward in a screech and clang of metal before the sentry could escape, and knocked him to the ground. His daemon, a husky dog, darted at the bear’s throat, but lorek Byrnison took no more notice of him than he would of a fly, and dragging the sentry to him with one vast paw, he bent and enclosed his head in his jaws. Lyra could see exactly what would happen next: he’d crush the man’s skull like an egg, and there would follow a bloody fight, more deaths, and more delay; and they would never get free, with or without the bear. Without even thinking, she darted forward and put her hand on the one vulnerable spot in the bear’s armor, the gap that appeared between the helmet and the great plate over his shoulders when he bent his head, where she could see the yellow-white fur dimly between the rusty edges of metal. She dug her fingers in, and Pantalaimon instantly flew to the same spot and became a wildcat, crouched to defend her; but lorek Byrnison was still, and the riflemen held their fire. â€Å"lorek!† she said in a fierce undertone. â€Å"Listen! You owe me a debt, right. Well, now you can repay it. Do as I ask. Don’t fight these men. Just turn around and walk away with me. We want you, lorek, you can’t stay here. Just come down to the harbor with me and don’t even look back. Farder Coram and Lord Faa, let them do the talking, they’ll make it all right. Leave go this man and come away with me†¦.† The bear slowly opened his jaws. The sentry’s head, bleeding and wet and ash-pale, fell to the ground as he fainted, and his dsmon set about calming and gentling him as the bear stepped away beside Lyra. No one else moved. They watched the bear turn away from his victim at the bidding of the girl with the cat daemon, and then they shuffled aside to make room as lorek Byrnison padded heavily through the midst of them at Lyra’s side and made for the harbor. Her mind was all on him, and she didn’t see the confusion behind her, the fear and the anger that rose up safely when he was gone. She walked with him, and Pantalaimon padded ahead of them both as if to clear the way. When they reached the harbor, lorek Byrnison dipped his head and unfastened the helmet with a claw, letting it clang on the frozen ground. Gyptians came out of the cafe, having sensed that something was going on, and watched in the gleam of the anbaric lights on the ship’s deck as lorek Byrnison shrugged off the rest of his armor and left it in a heap on the quayside. Without a word to anyone he padded to the water and slipped into it without a ripple, and vanished. â€Å"What’s happened?† said Tony Costa, hearing the indignant voices from the streets above, as the townsfolk and the police made their way to the harbor. Lyra told him, as clearly as she could. â€Å"But where’s he gone now?† he said. â€Å"He en’t just left his armor on the ground? They’ll have it back, as soon’s they get here!† Lyra was afraid they might, too, for around the corner came the first policemen, and then more, and then the sysselman and the priest and twenty or thirty onlookers, with John Faa and Farder Coram trying to keep up. But when they saw the group on the quayside they stopped, for someone else had appeared. Sitting on the bear’s armor with one ankle resting on the opposite knee was the long-limbed form of Lee Scoresby, and in his hand was the longest pistol Lyra had ever seen, casually pointing at the ample stomach of the sysselman. â€Å"Seems to me you ain’t taken very good care of my friend’s armor,† he said conversationally. â€Å"Why, look at the rust! And I wouldn’t be surprised to find moths in it, too. Now you just stand where you are, still and easy, and don’t anybody move till the bear comes back with some lubrication. Or I guess you could all go home and read the newspaper. ‘S up to you.† â€Å"There he is!† said Tony, pointing to a ramp at the far end of the quay, where lorek Byrnison was emerging from the water, dragging something dark with him. Once he was up on the quayside he shook himself, sending great sheets of water flying in all directions, till his fur was standing up thickly again. Then he bent to take the black object in his teeth once more and dragged it along to where his armor lay. It was a dead seal. â€Å"lorek,† said the aeronaut, standing up lazily and keeping his pistol firmly fixed on the sysselman. â€Å"Howdy.† The bear looked up and growled briefly, before ripping the seal open with one claw. Lyra watched fascinated as he laid the skin out flat and tore off strips of blubber, which he then rubbed all over his armor, packing it carefully into the places where the plates moved over one another. â€Å"Are you with these people?† the bear said to Lee Scoresby as he worked. â€Å"Sure. I guess we’re both hired hands, lorek.† â€Å"Where’s your balloon?† said Lyra to the Texan. â€Å"Packed away in two sledges,† he said. â€Å"Here comes the boss.† John Faa and Farder Coram, together with the sysselman, came down the quay with four armed policemen. â€Å"Bear!† said the sysselman, in a high, harsh voice. â€Å"For now, you are allowed to depart in the company of these people. But let me tell you that if you appear within the town limits again, you will be treated mercilessly.† lorek Byrnison took not the slightest notice, but continued to rub the seal blubber all over his armor, the care and attention he was paying the task reminding Lyra of her own devotion to Pantalaimon. Just as the bear had said: the armor was his soul. The sysselman and the policemen withdrew, and slowly the other townspeople turned and drifted away, though a few remained to watch. John Faa put his hands to his mouth and called: â€Å"Gyptians!† They were all ready to move. They had been itching to get under way ever since they had disembarked; the sledges were packed, the dog teams were in their traces. John Faa said, â€Å"Time to move out, friends. We’re all assembled now, and the road lies open. Mr. Scoresby, you all a loaded?† â€Å"Ready to go, Lord Faa.† â€Å"And you, lorek Byrnison?† â€Å"When I am clad,† said the bear. He had finished oiling the armor. Not wanting to waste the seal meat, he lifted the carcass in his teeth and flipped it onto the back of Lee Scoresby’s larger sledge before donning the armor. It was astonishing to see how lightly he dealt with it: the sheets of metal were almost an inch thick in places, and yet he swung them round and into place as if they were silk robes. It took him less than a minute, and this time there was no harsh scream of rust. So in less than half an hour, the expedition was on its way northward. Under a sky peopled with millions of stars and a glaring moon, the sledges bumped and clattered over the ruts and stones until they reached clear snow at the edge of town. Then the sound changed to a quiet crunch of snow and creak of timber, and the dogs began to step out eagerly, and the motion became swift and smooth. Lyra, wrapped up so thickly in the back of Farder Coram’s sledge that only her eyes were exposed, whispered to Pantalaimon: â€Å"Can you see lorek?† â€Å"He’s padding along beside Lee Scoresby’s sledge,† the daemon replied, looking back in his ermine form as he clung to her wolverine-fur hood. Ahead of them, over the mountains to the north, the pale arcs and loops of the Northern Lights began to glow and tremble. Lyra saw through half-closed eyes, and felt a sleepy thrill of perfect happiness, to be speeding north under the Aurora. Pantalaimon struggled against her sleepiness, but it was too strong; he curled up as a mouse inside her hood. He could tell her when they woke, and it was probably a marten, or a dream, or some kind of harmless local spirit; but something was following the train of sledges, swinging lightly from branch to branch of the close-clustering pine trees, and it put him uneasily in mind of a monkey. How to cite The Golden Compass Chapter Eleven, Essay examples

Project on Cloud Computing Computer Systems

Question: Discuss about the Project on Cloud Computing for Computer Systems. Answer: 1. Definition of Cloud Computing Cloud computing is concerned with a process related to strong accessing method of data and programs over the internet instead of using conventional computer hard drive (Beloglazov et al. 2012). Cloud is nothing but just a Metaphor for internet. This aspect just brings the user to an era of flowcharts and presentations that would represent a giant server farm infrastructure related to internet (Dinh et al. 2013). Clouds are white puffy structure that accepts the connections and send out the information while floating. Figure 1: cloud computing model (Source: Beloglazov et al. 2012, pp- 760) Cloud computing is not related to the hard drive, when the data is stored or any program is being run on the system then the data and programs are stored in the system hard drive, this is called local storage of computing (Erl et al. 2013). Data accessing techniques become easy and within the range of users. There are mainly three cloud services that are mostly used by medium size business to large size business. These services are explained as follows: SaaS: Software as a service is almost similar as conventional software provision model. In this case the web browser usually provides a point of access to the software running on the servers. SaaS is popular cloud service for mainly consumers (Fernando et al. 2013). All of the customer relationship management applications such as sales force, software security related to productivity are operated very easily through the SaaS. Figure 2: IaaS, SaaS and PaaS (Source: Fernando et al. 2013, pp- 100) PaaS: PaaS is known as Platform as a Service. PaaS application is at a lower level in comparison with SaaS application in the competitive marketplace (Garg et al. 2013). In the contemporary time cloud computing is one of the trending and innovative concepts that minimized the struggle of human being (Herbst et al. 2013). The PaaS application provides platform independent service. This aspect makes the applications more compatible with respect to other cloud platforms. It can be operated on Windows, Linux or any other platforms. PasS is built on top with respect to the virtualization technology. IaaS: IaaS is the Infrastructure as a Service. This application is comprised of highly automated and scalable computer resources (Kliazovich et al. 2012). The provider of IaaS offers service to the cloud servers and their associated resources via API and dashboard. It is the most flexible model among all cloud services. Virtual data server is utilized for developing more effective application (Moreno-Vozmediano et al. 2013). The crucial uses of IaaS are deployment and development of PaaS, SaaS and web-scale applications. Benefits of Cloud Computing There are several benefits of the cloud computing technology, these are discussed as follows: Remote Access: Cloud service provides a remote access to all of the applications implemented by it (Rittinghouse and Ransome 2016). As the service is platform independent, all the applications provided by cloud services do not depends on the platform and can be remotely accessible. Time Efficient: The innovative and trending version of cloud services offers time efficient characteristics to the applications (Rong et al. 2013). The time efficient quality offers better productivity to the application users. Scaling factor: The cloud services are compatible with large scale and small scale of integration (Sanaei et al. 2014). In case of large scale data storage this service provides the proper storage space for the data so it has become more popular in the industry. 2. SaaS implementation for ABC Payroll The Software as a service provides data codes and definition based on software applications (Wang et al. 2012). The ABC payroll can implement SaaS application to operate their customer data properly. The data operated by ABC Payroll are the data related to payrolls, bookkeeping and payrolls (Xu 2012). The benefits and challenges may be faced by ABC Payroll with the implementation of SaaS application are discussed as follows: Benefits of the utilizations of SaaS provider for ABC Payroll Following are the benefits of SaaS within ABC Payroll. Besides cost effectiveness of the model there are other advantages: Time to deployment: SaaS software solutions can be implemented within just a few weeks rather than a few months (Zissis and Lekkas 2012). The time taken for application development will be reduced by 20 % through applying SaaS model (Beloglazov et al. 2012). The SaaS application can be utilized at any platform with platform independence property, this make it more time efficient. Less internal responsibility: The cloud service providers are responsible to maintain the upgrading system and software utilized for the system (Dinh et al. 2013). This system helps in customizing upgrades. The upgrade makes this system more innovative and attractive in front of the users. Scalable and fixable: Cloud technology is the most effective and flexible technology among all services (Erl et al. 2013). The customer only have to pay for single offering what they have selected for their use. The software becomes fully scalable when the company grows. SaaS offers more flexibility to increase integration of several software interfaces (Fernando et al. 2013). This system increases the sustainability of used applications those are selected by the organization with respect to SaaS. Platform independence makes the application more flexible and integrative in nature compared to other services. Accessibility: Cloud technology is such a technology that can be accessed at any condition and at any place with the help of internet connection (Garg et al. 2013). This aspect provides remote mobile access to the user. Sharing process of data and information becomes easier than ever before (Herbst et al. 2013). A remote and mobile facility provides the applications to be more compatible at critical situations. Resilience: The IT infrastructure and information is stored in CSP data centre. The authority of any organization can access their stored data at the time of any disasters within their organization. Challenges to the use of SaaS provider for ABC Payroll Although there is several numbers of benefits of the SaaS application there are few disadvantages of this application. Security concerns: One of the most effective inhibitors for the cloud services are access management and privacy of sensitive information (Kliazovich et al. 2012). According to the surveys this is fund that these aspects are getting diminished. Encryption and tokenization techniques are making this aspect a less important matter of concern. Compliance: There are many countries those have regulations related to storing of data with authorization or without authorization. Business process need to conform these regulations and should have to implement the SaaS model to get maximum benefits by using these regulations (Moreno-Vozmediano et al. 2013). Encryption and tokenization technique is providing a proper solution to these problems. Performance: A browser based application introduces many challenges while operating the company information remotely through internet (Rittinghouse and Ransome 2016). There may be some task that may be suited only on the SaaS platform but the security issue makes this information and data unsafe. 3. Difference between the migration and implementation process of IaaS in ABC Payrolls Following discussion is elaborating the difference between implementation and migration of IaaS techniques within ABC Payrolls. There are several aspects that can differentiate these facts. Figure 3: Factors affecting the implementation and migration of IaaS (Source: Rong et al. 2013, pp- 49) Factors Implementation of IaaS form the beginning Migration from current information system to IaaS cloud network Complexity According to those researches that are done on cloud services, it is found that, it is much easy to operate these applications. In this case only the cloud equipments have to be operated so it is less complex. According to those researches that are done on the contemporary applications of cloud services it is found that implementation of cloud services from the beginning of the organizational set up is very tough as the cloud and non- cloud based application both have to be operated and managed. Ability for meeting future demands In case of cloud applications, operation updates and up-gradation make these more effective in order to achieve the goals and objectives of ABC Payrolls. In addition to this the structure meets all the demands of cloud services, so the applications perform well on the competitive platform (Moreno-Vozmediano et al. 2013). Migration of the services mainly takes place so as to build compatible changes to the entire system of ABC Payrolls as the company wants a developed and sustainable system for their future scope (Garg et al. 2013). In addition to this, migration technique involves the changes into the system and structure of cloud that will introduce new facility to the system. Supporting applications There are three supporting applications for the contemporary cloud services: infrastructure as a service, platform as a service and software as a service (IaaS, SaaS and PaaS). Data, platform for application, operation, and structure of platform needs specific supporting applications to develop efficient system for mobile, microcomputers and mainframes. Scalability Scalability is high in this case of conventional data networks. Here the data has to be transferred to the cloud network (Xu 2012). In case of cloud data network, scalability is almost very high but after the transfer of network form conventional one to cloud service platform the scalability of data is reduced (Sanaei et al. 2014). This is only due to migration of networks. Reliability In this case both of the methods cloud and traditional method of ABC Payrolls are used at a time, so reliability is a bit higher than conventional cloud services. Therefore, this system comparatively provides better productivity and meets customer demands properly. In this case the system is not reliable in comparison with other network operators. This is due to security issues introduced into the system of cloud services. Performance Most of the business operations are dependent on cloud services, so that the performance of this system is not good (Zissis and Lekkas 2012). Therefore, cloud services are comparatively dominating the total industrial system. In this case the performance is very high than other services. This aspect happens due to the dependency of network on the cloud services. Suggestion for the best way to be implemented in the ABC Payrolls The study of cloud and non- cloud based system it is found that Migration from current information system to IaaS cloud network, will be beneficial for ABC Payrolls. This aspect introduces mainly three beneficial factors for ABC Payrolls: cost effectiveness of system, utilization of old equipments and involvement of loyal and trustworthy employees. Migration of the systems leads to the utilization of resources and technologies to maintain their goals and objectives. References Beloglazov, A., Abawajy, J. and Buyya, R., 2012. Energy-aware resource allocation heuristics for efficient management of data centers for cloud computing.Future generation computer systems,28(5), pp.755-768. Dinh, H.T., Lee, C., Niyato, D. and Wang, P., 2013. A survey of mobile cloud computing: architecture, applications, and approaches.Wireless communications and mobile computing,13(18), pp.1587-1611. Erl, T., Puttini, R. and Mahmood, Z., 2013.Cloud computing: concepts, technology, architecture. Pearson Education. Fernando, N., Loke, S.W. and Rahayu, W., 2013. Mobile cloud computing: A survey.Future Generation Computer Systems,29(1), pp.84-106. Garg, S.K., Versteeg, S. and Buyya, R., 2013. A framework for ranking of cloud computing services.Future Generation Computer Systems,29(4), pp.1012-1023. Herbst, N.R., Kounev, S. and Reussner, R., 2013. Elasticity in cloud computing: What it is, and what it is not. InProceedings of the 10th International Conference on Autonomic Computing (ICAC 13)(pp. 23-27). Kliazovich, D., Bouvry, P. and Khan, S.U., 2012. GreenCloud: a packet-level simulator of energy-aware cloud computing data centers.The Journal of Supercomputing,62(3), pp.1263-1283. Moreno-Vozmediano, R., Montero, R.S. and Llorente, I.M., 2013. Key challenges in cloud computing: Enabling the future internet of services.IEEE Internet Computing,17(4), pp.18-25. Rittinghouse, J.W. and Ransome, J.F., 2016.Cloud computing: implementation, management, and security. CRC press. Rong, C., Nguyen, S.T. and Jaatun, M.G., 2013. Beyond lightning: A survey on security challenges in cloud computing.Computers Electrical Engineering,39(1), pp.47-54. Sanaei, Z., Abolfazli, S., Gani, A. and Buyya, R., 2014. Heterogeneity in mobile cloud computing: taxonomy and open challenges.IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials,16(1), pp.369-392. Wang, C., Wang, Q., Ren, K., Cao, N. and Lou, W., 2012. Toward secure and dependable storage services in cloud computing.IEEE transactions on Services Computing,5(2), pp.220-232. Xu, X., 2012. From cloud computing to cloud manufacturing.Robotics and computer-integrated manufacturing,28(1), pp.75-86. Zissis, D. and Lekkas, D., 2012. Addressing cloud computing security issues.Future Generation computer systems,28(3), pp.583-592.

The Great Gatsby Male And Female Interactions Essay Example For Students

The Great Gatsby Male And Female Interactions Essay Through the interactions between male and female characters, Fitzgerald depicts a variety of social expectations regarding typical male behavior in the 1920s. In the novel The Great Gatsby, characters such as Tom Buchanan, Jay Gatsby, George Wilson and Nick Carraway demonstrate behavior that acts to maintain and live up to expectations inherent in society. Through their controlling ways, these characters strive to define the typical man in the 1920s. The notion that a mans success can be measured by his possessions becomes evident through the actions of Tom, Gatsby and Wilson. These characters strive to obtain more than just material possessions. For example, Tom seems to view the women in his life as mere possessions, a sign of his success and wealth. His attitude and interactions with Daisy, his wife, and Myrtle, his mistress, demonstrate this. Through out the story, Tom does not show respect or genuine caring for either woman. Rather, he commits open adultery with Myrtle. Tom makes this affair public because it is just another way of showing-off, another of his possessions and thus boosting his ego. Tom does this without regard for the shame his affairs may bring onto his wife. We will write a custom essay on The Great Gatsby Male And Female Interactions specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Daisy comes to represent a treasured and sought possession for both Tom and Gatsby. Although on the surface it appears that Gatsby has an ever-lasting love for Daisy, I feel that his longing for Daisy stems from his need to recapture a possession which he lost during his youth. Nick comments He talked a lot about the past and I gathered that he wanted to recover something, some idea of himself perhaps, that had gone into loving Daisy (117). Furthermore by possessing Daisys love, Gatsby can reject defeat and feel successful as a man. In the novel, Gatsby goes as far as to view the green light as a symbolic way of holding onto his possession and keeping Daisy in some way close to him. After obtaining his dream of being reunited with Daisy, the green light begins to lose its symbolic strength. Now it was again a green light on a dock. His count of enchanted objects had diminished by one (98). Now that the realization of his dream has begun, Gatsby needs to feel a greater sense of possession or control over Daisy. He may feel the need to obtain another enchanted object to replace the loss of the symbolic meaning of the light. Now the only enchanted object which he is left to obtain is Daisys complete and everlasting. Likewise, Tom refuses to forfeit Daisy to another man or even believe that she could love another. Tom states But all the rest is a God damnened lie. Daisy loved me when she married me and she loves me now. (138). If Tom were to give up Daisy to another man, this would surely be a sign of defeat and failure like losing a football or polo trophy. Instead of admitting defeat, Tom rationalizes Daisys behavior by demeaning her will. For example, he states The trouble is that sometimes she gets foolish ideas in her head and doesnt know what shes doing (138). Another social expectation of typical male behavior in the 1920s depicted in The Great Gatsby is the notion that a real man should be in control of the woman in his life at all times. This notion is exemplified through the struggling relationship between George and Myrtle Wilson. Although Fitzgerald describes George as one of these worn-out menHe was his wifes man and not his own. (144), a need for control takes over George when he discovers his wife had some sort of life apart from him in another world. (131) with perhaps another man. To gain control over this situation and thus live up to the social expectation, George takes drastic measures. He states Ive got my wife locked up in there. Shes going to stay up there till the day after tomorrow and then we re going to move away. (143). Through his actions, George forces his will on his wife and strives to maintain control over his possession, his wife. .ua4f36cb870ded9912b016567e98da49f , .ua4f36cb870ded9912b016567e98da49f .postImageUrl , .ua4f36cb870ded9912b016567e98da49f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua4f36cb870ded9912b016567e98da49f , .ua4f36cb870ded9912b016567e98da49f:hover , .ua4f36cb870ded9912b016567e98da49f:visited , .ua4f36cb870ded9912b016567e98da49f:active { border:0!important; } .ua4f36cb870ded9912b016567e98da49f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua4f36cb870ded9912b016567e98da49f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua4f36cb870ded9912b016567e98da49f:active , .ua4f36cb870ded9912b016567e98da49f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua4f36cb870ded9912b016567e98da49f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua4f36cb870ded9912b016567e98da49f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua4f36cb870ded9912b016567e98da49f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua4f36cb870ded9912b016567e98da49f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua4f36cb870ded9912b016567e98da49f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua4f36cb870ded9912b016567e98da49f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua4f36cb870ded9912b016567e98da49f .ua4f36cb870ded9912b016567e98da49f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua4f36cb870ded9912b016567e98da49f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Study On Rana Pipiens EssayIn addition, Tom demonstrates control over Myrtle when the issue of whether she has the right to mention Daisys name out loud. During the heated argument, Myrtle attempts to assert power and control by stating Daisy! Daisy! Daisy! Ill say it whenever I want to. (41) In order to regain control over the situation Tom breaks her nose with his open hand. Although it may seem as though Tom is defending his wife, in reality I feel that this is merely Toms way of instilling fear into Myrtle as a device for maintaining his control over the situation and his mistress. Gatsby also attempts to demonstrate control over Daisy. For example, Gatsby takes it upon himself to inform Tom of Daisys love for him. Gatsby states, Daisys leaving you. (140). In this situation, I feel that Gatsby is forcing Daisy to openly declare her feelings even though it may not have been her intention or wish to do so at the time. By doing this, Gatsby is hoping to fully regain a future with Daisy and therefore be in control of her feelings. Through analysis of the male characters it became evident that during this time period it was acceptable for men to have extra-marital affairs. For example, it was a well-known fact that Tom had a mistress, Myrtle. Early in the novel this is conveyed through a conversation between Jordan and Nick. You mean to say you dont know? said Jordan honestly surprised. I thought everyone knew Toms got some woman in New York: (19). In addition, there is reference to an affair Tom had with a hotel chambermaid at the beginning of his marriage to Daisy. Eventually the affair became public following a car accident in which the woman was injured. The novel goes on to convey the notion that although it is socially acceptable for men to have extra-marital affairs during this time period, it was unacceptable for woman to do so. This becomes evident when Tom declares I suppose the latest thing is to sit back and let Mr. Nobody from Nowhere make love to your wife. Well, if thats the idea you can count me out Nowadays people begin sneering at family life and institutions and next theyll throw everything overboard (137). This passage implies that a mans affair did not threaten family life or the institution of marriage. However, a womans affair could easily unravel the threads of social conformity. Throughout the novel, it becomes evident that the typical man in the 1920s was expected to take care of the woman in his life. For example when attempting to persuade Daisy to remain with him, Tom states Im going to take better care of you from now on. (140). This notion is also exemplified when Nick comments on Gatsbys relationship with Daisy years ago, but he had deliberately given Daisy a sense of security; he let her believe that he was a person from much the same strata as herself- that he was fully able to take care of her. (156). From these statements, it can be concluded that men were expected to be financially responsible. Thus, men gained a sense of control over women, who were expected to be dependent.

Trojan Woman Play Essay

Trojan Woman Play Essay Trojan Woman Play Essay The moment I walked into the Black Box Studio, an eerie feeling immediately overcame me. This feeling was caused by production staging, the set itself, and the music. I felt that the most interesting staging aspect was that many of the characters were already staged and on set as the audience was arriving. There were prison guards walking back and forth and a bunch of women who were dressed in tattered clothes and obviously distressed. As soon as I sat down, I found myself extremely quiet and I noticed that I could not take my eyes off these women. I was so intrigued by the way they were acting, and I wanted to know why they seemed so upset and sad. The setting and props also added to my first impression. The set was designed to look like a prison camp and it was obvious that some sort of place or city had been destroyed. There were huge platforms of concrete spread around the set and in the background there was a destroyed, modern building. The music playing as we walked in was very low key, not very loud, and provoked a creepy vibe in the audience. The set gave me a clear idea that something bad had happened. The music really made the set more lifelike. If there was no music playing as we walked in, I feel like it would have been awkward to be in the theater with the characters already staged. The music definitely completed my first impression of the play. Overall, I was given a clear idea of what might have happened and that the characters were in trouble and scared. By having the characters previously staged with music already setting the mood, the experience I had coming into the theater felt so much more real. I felt like I was being drawn into the middle of the set and I noticed that the rest of the audience seemed to be pulled into the experience. I also noticed that the seating was extremely close to the actors and actresses. I really liked this aspect because I felt like I was a part of every scene. The attire of the actors really matched their roles. The Trojan women, respectively, were dressed in ragged clothes and had visible physical wounds to symbolize their struggle with Troy. The guards were armed and dressed in all black. I felt like the costumes helped the audience distinguish class as well as where the characters were from. It made us believe that the characters really were from Troy or Greece. I think that the play was about the women of Troy’s struggle to stay faithful to their beloved city, remember their families that were lost, and keep faith and hope. There were various instances in the play where you could see that the women were becoming frustrated with the gods, whom they had done everything for, and expected help and salvation in return. For example, it is seen in the scene where the Trojan women discover the Greeks want to kill Astyanax. You

An Overview Of The Relevance Theory English Language Essay

An Overview Of The Relevance Theory English Language Essay In Relevance: Communication and cognition, Sperber and Wilson (1986, 1995) present a new approach to the study of human communication. Relevance Theory is based on the view that human cognition is geared towards the maximization of relevance, and that communicated information comes with a guarantee of relevance. This is what Sperber and Wilson name the Principle of Relevance. The theory has sparked a great deal of research since it was presented, either supporting or criticizing the entire theory or some of its main arguments. The following presents an overview of Relevance Theory (henceforth RT) and outlines the main tenets of the theory. The overview outlines definitions of the main concepts and tenets which were originally presented by Sperber and Wilson (1986; 1995) and mainly comprised the originality of the theory, such as mutual manifestness, optimal relevance, and ostensive inferential communication. That is followed by a discussion of RT as a post-Gricean theory and how far it adopts or deviates from the views of Grice (1975). Sperber and Wilson present RT as a post-Gricean theory (Grice 1975). It takes as a starting point the inferential model of communication developed by Grice as opposed to the code model of communication. Sperber and Wilson (1995) argue that communication cannot be achieved by the code model alone, i.e. encoding and decoding messages, nor by the inferential model alone. They maintain that verbal communication exploits both kinds of process, as the outcome of the decoding process serves as the input to the inferential process by which the speaker’s intentions are recognized. According to the code model of communication, human languages are codes and verbal communication is achieved by encoding and decoding messages. The speaker encodes his/her message into a signal which is decoded by the hearer. Grice (1975) developed a different model of communication which is the inferential model. According to that model, the speaker pro vides evidence of his/her intention to convey a specific meaning and the hearer infers that meaning according to the evidence provided. Following the inferential model, communication is successful when the hearer interprets the evidence provided by the speaker as she intended it to mean. In cases where a single utterance provides evidence for different interpretations, this could lead to communication failure if the speaker does not inferentially derive the meaning intended by the hearer. Grice suggested that a speaker would observe what he called the Co-operative Principle and maxims of conversation to make his/her communicative intention clear for the hearer who would choose the interpretation that conforms to these maxims. The maxims are Quality, Quantity, Relevance and Manner. Coded communication, as one of the processes involved in verbal communication is viewed by Sperber and Wilson not as autonomous but subservient to the inferential process. Nevertheless, the inferential pro cess is autonomous as it functions in essentially the same way whether or not combined with coded communication. Sperber and Wilson (1995) argue that the code model is not sufficient to account for human communication because comprehension of utterances involves more than merely decoding linguistic signals. There is a gap between the semantic representation of sentences and the thoughts which are actually communicated by the speaker’s utterances. They claim that this gap is filled by inference. Nevertheless, they argue that the inferential model is not enough on its own to explain human communication. As they reject the code model as insufficient to account for communicational understanding, Sperber and Wilson (1995) propose a modified view of inferential communication in which â€Å"communication is achieved by the communicator providing evidence of her intentions and the audience inferring her intentions from the evidence† (Sperber and Wilson 1995: 24). Hence, verbal communication involves both coding and inferential processes.

Colonialism and Disease in Cholera, Kuru and Anthrax Essay

Colonialism and Disease in Cholera, Kuru and Anthrax - Essay Example Spain in the early 1600s and other huge nations was looking to develop land in the new world for themselves and get gold, silver, and power whilst converting natives. After coming to the new world, the Spanish explorer, conquering the natives and built settlements. However, with an increased rate colonialism, many historians observe that the rate of contagious some particular disease also increased and the western medication is another justification for promoting colonialism. Historians such as Roland Chrisjohn and John S. Milly from Canada have since published documents showing evidence on how the discussion about disease spread concealed by colonialists to hide the actual origins of the natives were infected with the new diseases. Historians have stated that European colonists on discovering that the indigenous people were not immune to certain diseases, they deliberately spread the diseases for military advantages and to subjugate the local people. Therefore, the correlation between colonialism and disease can be examined in following disease cases: Cholera in India, Kuru in eastern Highlands of New Guinea and smallpox in China during Late Imperial Time. Cholera, as defined as an Asian or Indian disease during the 19th century (Nappi, Lecture 3.1 21 January 2014), was rampant in India and also in the industrially developed country as the United Kingdom. It spread across the world from its source in the Ganges delta, in India. Cholera is an acute diarrhoeal and virulent disease that affects both children and adults and kills within hours if left untreated. Effective control of cholera relies on the preparedness, prevention, and response. According to most European and American physicians, Cholera was a locally produced miasmatic disease which was brought about by direct exposure to filthy and decayed products.  

TEXTBOOK-Brinkley, American History, Connecting with the Past, Volume Essay - 2

TEXTBOOK-Brinkley, American History, Connecting with the Past, Volume II, McGraw Hill CHAPTER 15 - Essay Example Presidents Lincoln and Johnson were of varying opinions that the war was to restore the stateliness of the mess up states. Due to the challenges faced in this process, Lincoln employed the military to not only reconquer the states, but also to regain the status of these states. The treacherous citizens were pardoned in that case, and Lincoln made voters take the oath of Liberation Proclamation (445). Andrew Johnson, an ex- slave possessor was of a low opinion on the blacks and that they should hold the low positions in the society. In this case, Johnson planned to restore the South by proclaiming reprieve on certain classes in the society, those of high class (444). Nothing much maturated from the 13th amendment on abolishing slave trade. Later, the Congress was to design its own plan of reconstruction that touched on the 14th amendment. This amendment according to Brinkley defined citizenship, and was to allow the African Americans part of the state (421). The blacks were also protected from the interference from the state and advocated for reduced representation in the states with disfranchising future supporters. In regard to this amendment, the State and federal nationality for all persons was in simple terms reinstated in spite of an individual’s race either born or naturalized in USA (438). Analysts and researchers argue that the process of reconstruction would have been easier if President Johnson would have accepted the amendment’s measures. However, Johnson was of the opinion that the constitution and the white supremacy would be in subordinated. He, therefore, worked towards defeat of the southern states and establishing a radical Republican Party (415). Historians are justified in calling this period the darkest period of American History since the move by Johnson not only undermined human existence, but also deprived them the right to be at liberty like other humans. If I was in power, I would have definitely put in place

Difference Between Wordpad and Notepad Essay Example for Free

Difference Between Wordpad and Notepad Essay What is the difference between Notepad and WordPad? Answer: Both programs are text editors that are included with the Windows operating system. Notepad is the most basic text editor, which allows you to open and create text files. While you can create several paragraphs of text with Notepad, using line breaks (by pressing the Enter key), the program does not give you text formatting options. For example, you cannot change the font size or make the text bold. WordPad is similar to Notepad, but gives you more formatting options. You can use bold and italics formatting, and change the font, size, and color of the text. You can also create bulleted lists and center and justify paragraphs. WordPad allows you to save documents as either basic text (. TXT) files or rich text format (. RTF) files. Saving a document in the rich text format will keep all the formatting you have done to the text, while saving it as a basic text file will remove all text formatting from the document. Notepad is a good choice for creating webpages It is also useful for removing formatting from text that you have copied and want to paste somewhere else as plain text. Just paste the text into Notepad, copy it again from Notepad, and you have completely unformatted text. WordPad is a good choice for writing papers or creating documents that you want to print. It is also great for making lists, since it supports bullets. You can use WordPad to open an unformatted text document and add whatever formatting you want. If you want even more formatting options and a more user-friendly interface, you can use a program such as Microsoft Word.

Buddhism in Japan Essay -- Buddhist Research Paper 2015

â€Å"Buddhism has the characteristics of what would be expected in a cosmic religion for the future; it transcends a personal God, avoids dogmas and theology; it covers both the natural and spiritual, and it is based on a religious sense aspiring from the experience of all things, natural and spiritual, as a meaningful unity.† Albert Einstein (Buddhism) Buddhism has affected many people. From the Buddha’s first followers to my next door neighbor, people everywhere have followed the teachings of Buddhism. Buddhism was started by a Prince; a prince who wanted more. Many different ways of showing appreciation to Buddha are present in today’s society as well as when Buddhism was first started. There are paintings, carvings, statues and buildings dedicated to Buddha, but one of the most prevalent of these ways of appreciation is the Byodoin Temple in Uji, Japan. This temple is a beautiful example of Japanese Buddhist architecture, including painting and carvings inside. To understand the full impact of this temple and its contents, we must first understand Buddhist thought. By starting with Buddha and going through Buddhist thought, art and the period in which the Byodoin was constructed, we will learn the true impact of this building on the Buddhist culture. Buddhism was born in a time when Hinduism ruled the streets. To many it seemed that somehow, somewhere, there had to be more. For one man, this puzzle would lead him on a journey through the countryside and towns of ancient Nepal and eventually into himself, where the true meaning of Buddhism lies. This is the story of that one man, Prince Siddhartha Gautama. Prince Siddhartha Gautama, born to Shuddhodana and Maya, the king and queen of the Sakyas, was born in Lumbini, Nepal around the year 563 BC. According to Buddhist belief, Siddhartha was â€Å"divinely conceived.† His mother had a dream one night, and in that dream an elephant with six tusks came to her with a lotus flower in its trunk and touched her right side. This is when Siddhartha was conceived. When Siddhartha was born, his father summoned Brahmins to tell what his future would hold. They gave him two options: he would either be a world conqueror or a great teacher. Wanting the first destiny for his son, Shuddhodana embellished his son with all the pleasures of life- not wanting him to see any death or disease. One day, Siddhartha asked his... ...s, Nigel. Web. 2 April 2015. http://www.nol.net/~jeffh/aikiclub/docs/byodo.txt â€Å"Heian Era.† Web. 27 Mar. 2015. http://cti.itc.virginia.edu/~yh6d/byodoinindex.htm Hooker, Richard. Web. 6 April 2015. http://www.wsu.edu:8000/~dee/GLOSSARY/AMIDA.HTM â€Å"Japanese Temples.† Web. 2 April 2015. http://www.jinjapan.org/museum/temple/about_te.html â€Å"Jodo Sect.† Web. 27 Mar. 2015. http://www.isei.or.jp/books/63/63_7.html â€Å"Japan Travel Updates† Web. 6 April 2015. http://www.jnto.go.jp/regions/kinki/kyoto/vicinity_of_kyoto/545.html Mackenzie, Lynn. Non-western Art, a Brief Guide. Prentice Hall, New Jersey. 1995. Pages 84-86. Paine, Robert and Alexander Sober. â€Å"Chronology of Japan’s Architecture.† â€Å"Pure Land Buddhism.† Web. 3 April 2015. http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/tl/japan/heian.html Smith, Huston. The Illustrated World’s Religions. Harper Collins, San Francisco. 1994. Pages 60-61, 64, 70-72, 74-75. â€Å"Thinkquest.† Web. 6 April 2015. http://library.thinkquest.org/29295/byodo-in.htm Web. 2 April 2015. http://www.kanzaki.com/jinfo/jart-fine.html â€Å"World Heritage National Treasures.† Web. 2 April 2015. http://www.kiis.or.jp/kansaida/uji/uji01-e.html

Foreign Direct Investment

Foreign direct investment (FDI) is probably the single most important factor contributing to the globalization of the international economy. FDI are increasingly strong economic links between developing and industrialized countries, and also among developing countries. Foreign direct investment in developing countries (LDCs) have increased nearly four-fold in the 1990s and now account for almost 40 per cent, reaching some $120 billion in 1997. Foreign direct investment is now by far the largest source of all capital flows to the less developed world. The objective of the FDI is to encourage the flow of investments for productive purposes among member†s countries, and in particular to developing countries. To serve this objective, the WTO must provide some type of guarantees (or insurance) covering foreign direct investment for all parties† host countries, home countries and Multinational corporations† against all the obstacles like Different needs, political risks, abuse of labor, Transfer Restriction, Breach of Contract, corruption, and Tax breaks. WTO must carry out advisory and technical assistance for these parties so that their interests are protected, and must emphasis on multilateral investment agreement (MIA. ) No unilateral action or bilateral The host countries or the developing countries are interested in: (I) development of their services, communities and infrastructure that may help their industrialization and development, (III) production of exportable goods and (III) continuous technological development in their industrial production and services Once MNC has been attracted to a particular destination country, they expect a high level of facilitation services. Governments all too often give inadequate attention to servicing investors† needs, even though large sums of money may have been spent on promotion activities and success has been achieved against fierce international competition. In retune, Investors from industrialized countries want to come to developing countries for two main reasons. First, they apprehend that the return on capital in their home country is not adequate; second, they want to combine their capital with the cheap labor of the host country to reduce the cost of production. So the WTO should regulate the minimum wage for the worker in the host county. If the FDI is only for capturing the domestic market, it may still generate profit for the investor, but such profit may leave the country in foreign exchange. Where there are two serious implications. First, in profitable domestic consumption sectors, foreign investments may overwhelm domestic investors (which may generally not be as strong as the foreign counterparts) and in some cases may eliminate them. Second, some critical sectors, like land, minerals and forests, where countries often like to have effective control on ownership because of social, political and strategic reasons, may, in a big way, pass under the control of foreign nationals. Investors have freedom without any responsibility, except in respect of their own profits. The implementation of the obligations of home countries are ought to be ensured by locating the MIA in the WTO, so that for any perceived infringement, action can be taken against exports of the country. Tax breaks for multinational corporations Multinational corporations, whether American- or foreign-owned, are supposed to pay taxes on the profits they earn in their home country. For example, American companies and individuals aren't supposed to gain tax advantages from moving their operations or investments to low-tax offshore â€Å"tax havens. † But the tax laws often fail miserably to achieve this goal. Moreover, IRS data show that foreign-owned corporations doing business in the United States typically pay far less in U. S. income taxes than do solely American firms with similar sales and assets. The same loopholes that foreign companies use are also utilized by U. S. -owned multinationals, and even provide motivation for American companies to move plants and jobs overseas. As a result, the WTO must fix these problems in the current system. The WTO must oblige all multinational corporations to provide income report in the overseas operation. Also, the Home County has the right to inspect every movement of goods and services between a multinational company's domestic and foreign operations, and then attempt to assure that a fair, â€Å"transfer price† was assigned to each real or notional transaction. Host countries insist that foreign firms must meet high domestic-content requirements, take on local partners, or engage in technology-sharing agreements, by contrast, suffer lags in technology acquisition, absence of best management techniques, weak penetration of foreign markets, and flimsy development of a supplier base. Yet developing countries and economies in transition can†t find ways to protect and reward foreign investors who promise to meet domestic content, joint venture, or technology-sharing requirements. Political actions, changes in governments, events or instability may result in unfavorable changes in the value of a foreign security. A new treaty, the repeal or modification of an existing treaty or a change in formal diplomatic relations between the home and the host countries could affect the value or liquidity of investments in that country. Corruption in the developing countries The definition of corruption is misuse of power for private benefit or advantage. Corruption is to all appearances widespread in developing countries and has very serious repercussions on their peoples' quality of life – above all that of the poor and disadvantaged. This power may, but need not, reside in the public domain. Besides money , the benefit can take the form of protection, special treatment, commendation, or promotion; generally speaking corruption encompasses four main distinguishing features: Undesirable effects on third parties (home county). Also the effects of corruption in developing countries ends up as obvious ignore of community interest. The WTO should monitor the MNC operations in the developing countries so that the real objective is achieved, and to protect the other parties. Breach of Contract † home, host countries and multinational corporations† Different needs of investors and host countries Investors from industrialized countries want to come to developing countries main reason profit. The host developing countries, on the other hand, are interested in development of their services and technological development in their industrial production and services. These two objectives are not incompatible. And the interest of foreign investors and host governments may be harmonized. But it is critical that any FDI agreement meet both objectives. This can be achieved if the investors decide on the capability of specific projects, and the host governments decide on the priority sectors and conditions of FDI, consistent with their economic and development objectives. Wherever the two agree, FDI will flow. But for FDI to have a beneficial effect, it is important to realize that the roles of both sides are significant. An MIA is really not necessary for this purpose. What is needed is that governments have clarity of objectives, and these are spelt out clearly. Sets of transparent and stable criteria adopted and announced by governments can help the foreign investors to assess the viability of investments under those conditions. Naturally, governments wishing to encourage foreign investments will lay down criteria, which will welcome the investors in priority sectors rather than scare them away. If there is sufficient scope for the convergence of the interests of investors and those of the host governments and if it can be brought about by the domestic policies and measures of host governments, why is it then that some industrialized countries are pressing for a multilateral discipline? The main reason is to eliminate or, at least, constrict the powers of host governments regarding the choice of the priority sectors for FDI and obligation of conditions on such investments, so that foreign investors are able to operate unencumbered by such constraints. The main objective of the investors naturally is to earn high profit in a short time and repatriate the profit. And the objective behind bringing the proposed discipline on investments into the folds of the WTO Agreement is to utilize its dispute settlement process to enforce the discipline. The WTO, through its provision of cross-sector retaliation, will enable them to take restrictive measures against the developing countries, which may be perceived as violating the discipline. Foreign investment is often welcome to countries, as it increase the country's capital and investment stocks. But the main implication of FDI is that the returns on such investments – in the form of dividends and profits, as well as many fees including license fees, management expenses and so on – are sent out of the country in foreign exchange. Hence, if the investments do not help the country, either directly or indirectly, to earn foreign exchange, the negative effects of the outflow may be serious. A change in the exchange rate between the two countries currency may reduce the value of an investment in a security valued in the foreign currency, or based on that currency value. Foreign Direct Investment Foreign direct investment (FDI) is probably the single most important factor contributing to the globalization of the international economy. FDI are increasingly strong economic links between developing and industrialized countries, and also among developing countries. Foreign direct investment in developing countries (LDCs) have increased nearly four-fold in the 1990s and now account for almost 40 per cent, reaching some $120 billion in 1997. Foreign direct investment is now by far the largest source of all capital flows to the less developed world. The objective of the FDI is to encourage the flow of investments for productive purposes among member†s countries, and in particular to developing countries. To serve this objective, the WTO must provide some type of guarantees (or insurance) covering foreign direct investment for all parties† host countries, home countries and Multinational corporations† against all the obstacles like Different needs, political risks, abuse of labor, Transfer Restriction, Breach of Contract, corruption, and Tax breaks. WTO must carry out advisory and technical assistance for these parties so that their interests are protected, and must emphasis on multilateral investment agreement (MIA. ) No unilateral action or bilateral The host countries or the developing countries are interested in: (I) development of their services, communities and infrastructure that may help their industrialization and development, (III) production of exportable goods and (III) continuous technological development in their industrial production and services Once MNC has been attracted to a particular destination country, they expect a high level of facilitation services. Governments all too often give inadequate attention to servicing investors† needs, even though large sums of money may have been spent on promotion activities and success has been achieved against fierce international competition. In retune, Investors from industrialized countries want to come to developing countries for two main reasons. First, they apprehend that the return on capital in their home country is not adequate; second, they want to combine their capital with the cheap labor of the host country to reduce the cost of production. So the WTO should regulate the minimum wage for the worker in the host county. If the FDI is only for capturing the domestic market, it may still generate profit for the investor, but such profit may leave the country in foreign exchange. Where there are two serious implications. First, in profitable domestic consumption sectors, foreign investments may overwhelm domestic investors (which may generally not be as strong as the foreign counterparts) and in some cases may eliminate them. Second, some critical sectors, like land, minerals and forests, where countries often like to have effective control on ownership because of social, political and strategic reasons, may, in a big way, pass under the control of foreign nationals. Investors have freedom without any responsibility, except in respect of their own profits. The implementation of the obligations of home countries are ought to be ensured by locating the MIA in the WTO, so that for any perceived infringement, action can be taken against exports of the country. Tax breaks for multinational corporations Multinational corporations, whether American- or foreign-owned, are supposed to pay taxes on the profits they earn in their home country. For example, American companies and individuals aren't supposed to gain tax advantages from moving their operations or investments to low-tax offshore â€Å"tax havens. † But the tax laws often fail miserably to achieve this goal. Moreover, IRS data show that foreign-owned corporations doing business in the United States typically pay far less in U. S. income taxes than do solely American firms with similar sales and assets. The same loopholes that foreign companies use are also utilized by U. S. -owned multinationals, and even provide motivation for American companies to move plants and jobs overseas. As a result, the WTO must fix these problems in the current system. The WTO must oblige all multinational corporations to provide income report in the overseas operation. Also, the Home County has the right to inspect every movement of goods and services between a multinational company's domestic and foreign operations, and then attempt to assure that a fair, â€Å"transfer price† was assigned to each real or notional transaction. Host countries insist that foreign firms must meet high domestic-content requirements, take on local partners, or engage in technology-sharing agreements, by contrast, suffer lags in technology acquisition, absence of best management techniques, weak penetration of foreign markets, and flimsy development of a supplier base. Yet developing countries and economies in transition can†t find ways to protect and reward foreign investors who promise to meet domestic content, joint venture, or technology-sharing requirements. Political actions, changes in governments, events or instability may result in unfavorable changes in the value of a foreign security. A new treaty, the repeal or modification of an existing treaty or a change in formal diplomatic relations between the home and the host countries could affect the value or liquidity of investments in that country. Corruption in the developing countries The definition of corruption is misuse of power for private benefit or advantage. Corruption is to all appearances widespread in developing countries and has very serious repercussions on their peoples' quality of life – above all that of the poor and disadvantaged. This power may, but need not, reside in the public domain. Besides money , the benefit can take the form of protection, special treatment, commendation, or promotion; generally speaking corruption encompasses four main distinguishing features: Undesirable effects on third parties (home county). Also the effects of corruption in developing countries ends up as obvious ignore of community interest. The WTO should monitor the MNC operations in the developing countries so that the real objective is achieved, and to protect the other parties. Breach of Contract † home, host countries and multinational corporations† Different needs of investors and host countries Investors from industrialized countries want to come to developing countries main reason profit. The host developing countries, on the other hand, are interested in development of their services and technological development in their industrial production and services. These two objectives are not incompatible. And the interest of foreign investors and host governments may be harmonized. But it is critical that any FDI agreement meet both objectives. This can be achieved if the investors decide on the capability of specific projects, and the host governments decide on the priority sectors and conditions of FDI, consistent with their economic and development objectives. Wherever the two agree, FDI will flow. But for FDI to have a beneficial effect, it is important to realize that the roles of both sides are significant. An MIA is really not necessary for this purpose. What is needed is that governments have clarity of objectives, and these are spelt out clearly. Sets of transparent and stable criteria adopted and announced by governments can help the foreign investors to assess the viability of investments under those conditions. Naturally, governments wishing to encourage foreign investments will lay down criteria, which will welcome the investors in priority sectors rather than scare them away. If there is sufficient scope for the convergence of the interests of investors and those of the host governments and if it can be brought about by the domestic policies and measures of host governments, why is it then that some industrialized countries are pressing for a multilateral discipline? The main reason is to eliminate or, at least, constrict the powers of host governments regarding the choice of the priority sectors for FDI and obligation of conditions on such investments, so that foreign investors are able to operate unencumbered by such constraints. The main objective of the investors naturally is to earn high profit in a short time and repatriate the profit. And the objective behind bringing the proposed discipline on investments into the folds of the WTO Agreement is to utilize its dispute settlement process to enforce the discipline. The WTO, through its provision of cross-sector retaliation, will enable them to take restrictive measures against the developing countries, which may be perceived as violating the discipline. Foreign investment is often welcome to countries, as it increase the country's capital and investment stocks. But the main implication of FDI is that the returns on such investments – in the form of dividends and profits, as well as many fees including license fees, management expenses and so on – are sent out of the country in foreign exchange. Hence, if the investments do not help the country, either directly or indirectly, to earn foreign exchange, the negative effects of the outflow may be serious. A change in the exchange rate between the two countries currency may reduce the value of an investment in a security valued in the foreign currency, or based on that currency value.